The Benefits and Effects of Exercise on Post-Treatment Breast Cancer Patients - Free Essay Example

INTRODUCTION Exercise can be very beneficial for reducing pain and swelling, improving range of motion and strength, and improving a person’s overall quality of life. There are many variations of exercise that can be done as well because different people require different intensities and types of exercise regarding their diagnosis and their treatment care plan. Post-treatment breast cancer patients experience a great amount of pain during and after their treatments. This pain can be caused by the surgeries like a lumpectomy, a mastectomy, or a double mastectomy. The pain may also be due to the type of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or medicinal treatment they are receiving during or after the surgery is performed. One of the most common problems that women face post-surgery and treatment is lymphedema of the arm, axillary (armpit) area, and the shoulder according to Sagen et al. (15). This is common due to the removal of lymph nodes surrounding the tumor that is being excised (15). This brings up the category of strengthening the arm and shoulder areas. Since this is one of the most affected areas for breast cancer patients, its strength will need to be built up again after being weakened after surgery or treatment. These surgeries and treatments will cause a large amount of scar tissue that is built up which is discussed by Otoole J, Russell T, Taghian A. (14). This makes recovery even more challenging when trying to reach or move the arms or the axillary area. The scar tissue problem can be dealt with by performing stretching exercises, whether it be in a pool or on land, as well as a therapist massaging the scar tissue out to loosen up the fibers (14). When this area is strengthened and stretched it helps break up some of the scar tissue formed in these areas. At first this may be done in a physical therapy setting where a therapist can perform active stretching to encourage the breast cancer patient to push their limits (4, 14, 15). This allows for an increased range of motion (ROM) (4,14,15). When the breast cancer patient starts to feel more independent, they may want to try and continue to stretch and strengthen with yoga. This stretching class helps the patients to alleviate pain and improve their quality of life (QOL) by doing something that may be considered more enjoyable than therapy (3). When patients are recovering from the tre atments they have received, along with therapy, it is hard for them to stay motivated to be active. They are left feeling fatigued and sore. They are also instructed to wait for a certain allotment of time, typically eight weeks, before performing any physical activity (7,9). This takes a toll on the patient’s strength, and it is hard for them to build it back up. A way for patients to stay motivated, and reduce their pain, and improve their stretching and strength is through aquatic therapy. The aquatic environment is a soothing environment that promotes muscle relaxation while alleviating pain and improving the patients stretching and strength. The relaxation of the body is promoted by the water temperature which is typically around 28.3 °Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 30  ° C or 83 ° 86 ° F, as stated by Aquatic Exercise Association (AEA) guidelines (1). When the muscles are relaxed it allows for the body to be more mobile and looser. It helps to promote circulation and cardiac output throughout the body which leads to more blood in the upper part of the body. This is because in the water gravity is not acting against the patient (1). The aquatic environment promotes balance and stability as well since the water doesn’t allow for consequences for stumbling states Aqua hub Physical therapy (19). If patients are feeling ambitious or are looking for the next challenge while recovering, recent studies have shown promise for the future of aerobic exercise after breast cancer treatment. Aerobic exercise is not a typical treatment because it is more vigorous than aquatics, and arm and shoulder strengthening. It is also not typical because patients are feeling so fatigued after their treatments, and there is also a certain time span that they must wait before participating. This exercise helps improve patient’s aerobic capacity along with their quality of living. Their aerobic capacity is improved when they perform moderate to vigorous activities, which gets their blood moving. After a few weeks their bodies will start to adjust and adapt, and the harder workouts will become normal. Aerobic exercise can be done in a group setting which can give the patient a sense of motivation to know that a friend is experiencing the same struggles they are. When researching the effects of exercise on post- treatment breast cancer patients, research has shown that different types of exercise have led to reduced pain, improved range of motion, and improvement in a breast cancer patients’ overall quality of life. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROBLEM Breast cancer is a continuously growing problem in the United States. One in every eight women in the US will develop some type of invasive breast cancer sometime within their lifetime according to the U.S. Breast Cancer Statistics (17). Not only that, but it also states that the rate of death caused around 40,000+ women to die in 2018 alone (17). It is also the second most cause of death among women today (8). This disease is very prominent in women now more than ever. There are two types of mutations in the DNA, the first is genetically inherited which is where the parent passes their gene to the child and the second one is changes that happen as a person ages or has some sort of chemical exposure. In 5%-10 % of breast cancers are the genetically inherited type (19). There are two types of the genetically inherited mutations. The first being the BRCA1 (Breast Cancer gene one) and the BRCA2 (Breast Cancer gene two). These are genes that everyone has, and they have the function of re pairing damages and keeping systems growing like the breasts and ovaries. However, when this genetic mutation is passed down on the BRCA genes, then it is more likely for that child to develop breast cancer later in life (19). along with this there can be mutations in pieces of the chromosome called SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) and researchers are finding that this is linked to an even higher chance of developing breast cancer in women that received the previous gene mutation and in women who did not (19). REVIEW OF LITERATURE Aquatics Aquatic exercise is very beneficial to post-treatment breast cancer patients. Some of the benefits include relaxation which is brought on by the comfort of being in the pool and the heat that the pool provides. The heat and relaxation help to alleviate some of the pain that patients experience. The main focuses of the three studies are deep water running (DWR) class, improving cancer-related fatigue, improving pain, improving overall health and quality of life. Cuesta-Vargas A, Buchan J, Arroyo-Morales M. (3) and Gonzalez-Angulo AM. (8) focused their studies on DWR and Cantarero-Villanueva I, Fernà ¡ndez-Lao C, Caro-Morà ¡n E, et al. (2), along with the previously mentioned studies, focused on aerobic workouts in the pool (2,3,8). Most of the scenarios were similar in that the pool was heated for comfort. There was an appropriate subject size in the trials that ranged from about 40-68 people within each article. The experiments’ timelines were eight weeks long or tw o months long. They all consisted of an experimental group and a control group. The experimental groups were typically assigned to some program that was about an hour long and consisted of a warm-up, a few interchangeable aerobic exercises, recovery techniques, and a cool down. The subjects usually met about three days a week. The control groups in each trial were either given a normal treatment at physical therapy or some type of pamphlet to read and work on. All treatments showed great signs of improvement in breast cancer survivors, including decreased fatigue and pain and increased strength. Some of the secondary focus that the breast cancer survivors wanted to come into play were the circumference of the waist, body mass index (BMI), and weight loss (2). It was found in Cantarero-Villanueva I, Fernà ¡ndez-Lao C, Caro-Morà ¡n E, et al. (2) study that patients had improved their waist circumference (2). The research found that aquatic exercise is very beneficial to women who h ave experienced different pain weakness because of breast cancer treatment. This has proven to be a great alternative for post-treatment breast cancer patients to explore. (2,3,8) Strengthening Arm and Shoulder Area There is a heightened importance for breast cancer patients to strengthen their arm and shoulder area after surgery because that is the area most affected by the surgeries they endure. Yoga is an effective and safe way for breast cancer patients to better their QOL and alleviate pain according to Eyigor S. et. Al (4). Mazor M, Lee JQ, Peled A, et al. (12) conducted study (4) that tested strength, arm volume and ROM. It was concluded that yoga will improve ROM and increase strength in the upper extremity of breast cancer patients. (4,12). Harder H, Holroyd P, Burkinshaw L, et al. (9) conducted a new app-based exercise program. It allowed for breast cancer patients to help come up with ideas when making the app and while the app was being used. The focus of the app was to allow post-treatment breast cancer patients to exercise their arm and shoulder areas at more convenient times for them. This study showed promising effects but still needs to be studied further (9). Progressive streng thening and training after breast cancer surgery is hoped to improve ROM, strength, swelling, pain, and QOL according to Kilbreath SL (11). However, in this study, testing this, there needed to be further research conducted to prove all the outcomes. Early physiotherapy to prevent lymphedema after breast cancer surgery is a study that Otoole J, Russell T, Taghian A. (16) conducted. The patients in their study received manual lymphatic drainage, massaging scar tissue, and active stretching that was increased over time. The results showed that these methods could assist in the prevention of lymphedema (16). In another context, Sagen A et al. (17) discusses upper limb function after lymph node dissection. This is similar to (16) in the way that it involves lymphedema. Sagen A et al focused-on arm lymphedema, shoulder mobility, and pain intensity (15). It was determined that further research may need to be done, but overall breast cancer patients may benefit from participating in early physiotherapy, along with strength and resistance exercise (17). These studies focused on performing exercises that would help to improve quality of life, strength, and range of motion, and decrease swelling/lymphedema in the upper extremities. The studies were a bit new and even though there was evidence of some improvement in what is listed above, it is stated that further research will need to be done with a larger test size for a longer time frame. The studies lasted from 8 weeks – 2.5 years after treatment. There was certainly no lack of participants when these studies were combined! The subject size in these studies ranged from 42-391, although the (9) did not mention subject size. Each researcher integrated their own form of exercise program. Most were broken into experimental and control groups, except for the app-based exercise program. The app-protocol was designed with the ideas of real breast cancer survivors and then was tested by them eight weeks after their surgery. For the other studies there was a wide variety of training done, like yoga (4,12), resistance training and stretching (11), lymphatic drainage and massages of scar tissue (16), active and progressive active and assisted shoulder exercises (17). Aerobic Exercise Moderate aerobic exercise is said to improve a patients QOL and physical functioning according to Murtezani A et. al (13). The vigorous aerobic exercise study focused on improving physical performance in breast cancer patients and its potential to affect bone mass according to Nikander R et al (15). Ng AV, Cybulski AN, Engel AA, et al. (14) study the effects of triathlon training on breast cancer patients. Their focus is on improving QOL of breast cancer patients. The result was an improvement o f QOL and an increase in the breast cancer patient’s aerobic capacity (14). The goals for these studies were to improve the patients’ quality of life and improve aerobic performance. The secondary improvements were focused on changes in the patient’s body composition, improving their weight, and improving BMI. The number of days per week that the subjects were in the group and at home varied from study to study. Some of the studies tested the maximal O2 uptake (VO2 Max test) to help determine where the participants were at physically (14). Along with the maximal test there were a few submaximal tests used like the 12-minute walk test, which is another way of estimating the maximal oxygen uptake (13). This also gives the subjects an idea on how they have improved aerobically after the trial is over if they choose to participate in the test again. The studies were found to be very beneficial for post-treatment breast cancer patients. They showed that there was an improvement in the patient’s quality of life, physical functioning, and aerob ic capacity. Even though all the studies had positive outcomes, some of them suggested that there be further research to investigate into this topic more. It seems to be a newer topic however; these studies seem to show promising outcomes so far. (13,14,15)

William Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet - 972 Words

Pravinee Hurbungs said, â€Å"Don’t fear the enemy that attacks you, but the fake friend that hugs you.† In Shakespeare s, Romeo and Juliet, Romeo is the enemy that Juliet doesn’t fear, but love, and Friar Lawrence is the fake friend that Juliet should fear. Others could say any other Romeo and Juliet character is to blame for their deaths, but I believe that Friar Lawrence is the one to blame. The friar is the one who married them, gave Juliet the idea to kill herself, and left her by herself when she awoke from her â€Å"death.† For those reasons, I believe Friar Lawrence is the most responsible one for both of their deaths. For those who have not read Romeo and Juliet, it is a play about two people, Romeo and Juliet, of enemy families, the Capulets, and the Montagues, who fall in love. They meet at a party that is suppose to bring Paris, one of Juliet’s love interest, and Juliet closer together so they could get married, and for Romeo to get over his old love, Rosaline. Within less than a day of meeting, basically the morning after the party, Romeo and Juliet decided to get married. The one who married them was Friar Lawrence, who only had ending the feud between the two families in mind when he did. After marrying Juliet, Romeo was asked to duel with Juliet’s cousin, Tybalt. Mercutio, the Prince’s cousin and Romeo’s friend, took Romeo’s place in dueling with Tybalt because he believe Romeo was not strong enough to fight him and win. Mercutio ended up being killed, and Romeo tookShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1287 Words   |  6 PagesLizzy Baginski English Composition 2 Mr. Spera March 10, 2015 Romeo and Juliet Research Paper The movie Romeo and Juliet is a modern classic film that took place in 1996. Overall this is a timeless story that everyone should go and watch. This movie has an intriguing plot line that tells the story of two feuding families, The Montagues and The Capulets, and how the children of these two different families fall in love. The two children overcome various obstacles such as hiding their chemistry fromRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet 966 Words   |  4 Pages Beauty Over Gold â€Å"Beauty provoketh thieves sooner than gold.--William Shakespeare, 1623. In his book As You Like It, William Shakespeare pointed out the supremacy of love rather than the want of gold and wealth. Truly, beauty is more important to thieves than wealth. Many of the thieves in this world would rather have an elegant woman than to obtain precious rubies. After all, what good is a prosperous man if he doesn’t have a charming woman? Two famous men grab my attention who didn’t fear forRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet Essay1024 Words   |  5 PagesRomeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about two young star-crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families. It was among Shakespeare s most popular plays during his lifetime and, along with Hamlet, is one of his most frequently performed plays. Today, the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers. Romeo and Juliet belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity. The plot is based on an ItalianRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1124 Words   |  5 PagesThe play Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about two young star-crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families. It was among Shakespeare s most popular plays during his lifetime and, along with Hamlet, is one of his most frequently performed plays. Today, the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers. Romeo and Juliet belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity. Its plot is based onRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet861 Words   |  4 Pagesgreatly shown in the play Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare. It was love at first sight with Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet. Meeting at a party and falling in love to get married without even spending quality time with each other. Romeo and Juliet couldn t tell there parents because the Capulets and Montagues are long term rivals. Both Romeo and Juliet had to find different ways and excuses to make this marriage work. A big problem was developed. Romeo kills Juliet s cousin and is banishedRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1770 Words   |  8 Pagesof Romeo and Juliet. The story of two destined lovers who were killed by their own doing. But what if they weren t two destined lovers who got unlucky, but doomed partners that were never going to have a good-life to begin with.William Sha kespeare gives us a view of early signs of gang conflict in the early age of Verona, Italy. He gives us a perspective of the norms and customs of Italy during the Setting of William Shakespeare s most famous story. Romeo and Juliet, by William Shakespeare, givesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1616 Words   |  7 Pageslove can also cause some of life s most controversial battles. These battles could stem from lack of patience, disagreement of moral values, and in some cases, an absence of attraction overall. In Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, the issues that drive Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet s to each of their dreadful misfortunes are inevitable. When it comes to many of Shakespeare s plays, Aristotle s theory is used to describe them as tragedies. Romeo and Juliet is known by many as a tragedyRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1264 Words   |  6 Pagestheater-going public the most important dramatist in English literature, Shakespeare oc cupies a well-known position in the world of talented authors. His canon contains thirty-seven plays, written in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Additionally, throughout the years, they continue to sustain critical attention, with the majority of his works circling tragedies, one being Romeo and Juliet. William Shakespeare s Romeo and Juliet speaks to the timeless appeal of star-crossed lovers. Their loveRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet924 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy that follows the so-called love of two teenagers. The two fall in love at a masked ball and have a secret marriage. Throughout the play, their actions show how ridiculous love is, and how it is a danger to anyone who become twisted in its choking grasp. However, in the death of the youth and survival of the elders, an alternative explanation for the tragic events may be found. Although Shakespeare seems to be mocking love throughout the play, itRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1279 Words   |  6 Pagesour lives. The great, classic writers teach timeless, valuable life skills. Shakespeare was the greatest writer of all time. His writings mainly consisted of dramas and sonnets. Romeo and Juliet, as well as, A MIdsummer Night’s Dream were written about the same time period. He was able to inter relate everything that wrote. For example, the tale of Pyramus and Thisbe could possibly be an advertisement for Romeo and Juliet. The basic structure of the two dramas is the same; two forbidden lovers meet

Good Versus Evil, Justice Versus Tyranny - 1909 Words

Good versus evil, justice versus injustice, liberty versus tyranny-- in battles such as these, determining who is who is not always easy. In the United States, social, economic, and political differences between the North and the South became increasingly apparent in the early 1800s. Slavery was an invidious discussion at the time, as both sides of the argument fully believed that they were right. The North believed it to be wrong and immoral, while the South believed the opposite. This, along with other highly disputatious issues, led the Union to disunion, and its eventual Civil War. Even though slavery was a sensitive and an anger inducing argument for both Northerners and Southerners already, many events over the course of the 1800s made it more so. In 1856, Senator Charles Sumner, a Massachusetts anti-slavery Republican, gave a speech to the Senate regarding whether Kansas should be admitted to the Union as one that allows slavery, or one that bans and illegalizes it entirely. Sumner took an anti-slavery stance, and ridiculed Stephen Douglas and Andrew Butler, both of whom were senators of Southern states and had pro-slavery views. Representative Preston Brooks was Butler s South Carolina kinsman, so Brooks, who also was a pro-slavery Southerner, had taken Sumner’s virulent speech personally. Brooks traveled to meet with Sumner to address his viewpoint on the speech. Preston, standing before Sumner’s desk, spoke to Sumner, but before Sumner could conjure a response,Show MoreRelatedThe New Jim Crow : Mass Incarceration Essay934 Words   |  4 Pa gesother measures. Although African Americans want to believe that the Clintons have their back, should the same results be expected? Although, Bernie Sanders also voted for the 1994 crime bill, Alexander argues that â€Å"there is such a thing as a lesser evil, and Hilary is not it (Alexander, 32).† With the selective information I have exposed myself to about the 2016 Election, I agree with the point that Michelle Alexander is trying to make. I have heard from numerous African Americans from my own communityRead MoreGun Rights a Necessity1392 Words   |  6 Pagesnecessity for protection and a natural right. It is written in the constitution under the second amendment that it is, â€Å"the right of the people to keep and bear arms.† The other side, the side fighting gun rights thinks that guns are an unnecessary evil; they cause death when it’s not necessary, and in the wrong hands it could be very dangerous. We have seen this in numerous school shooting and public shootings over the years. Gun rights are not just a hot topic between citizens, the government isRead MoreThe Comparison of Themes Between Lord of the Flies and Animal Farm 2291 Words   |  10 Pagestries to play the life game with the varied human nature of his characters (Wilson 54). Jack and his group have different and crueler ways of â€Å"playing† compared to Ralph because he is much more of a laid back character that carry the evil undertones of a possible evil evident. All of the events that the boys consider as games such as hunting, killing, chanting, and dancing are key elements to take down their establishment of the new society on the island. Symbolically speaking, all the games haveRead MoreSwords to Ploughshares : The Social Causes of Violence2136 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"The effort necessary to remain uncorrupted in an environment where fear is an integral part of everyday existence is not immediately apparent to those fortunate enough to live in states governed by the rule of law† (Violence 314). When the norm is an evil, corrupt government why would one chose to go against the system? It is much easier to corrupt oneself and live then to die a clean death and in this way these â€Å"ungoverned states†. Jennifer Turpin and Lester R. Ku rtz look at how societies use â€Å"justifiedRead MoreEssay about Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Young Goodman Brown3241 Words   |  13 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne’s Young Goodman Brown   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† captivates the reader through a glimpse of the Puritan church. The story also shows the struggle of good versus evil in the main character Goodman Brown. The role of the Puritan church is crucial in shaping Goodman Brown’s personality and helping the reader understand why he was reluctant to continue his journey.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Puritanism, movement arising within the Church of England in the latter part ofRead MorePlato and Aristotle on Democracy Essay examples2188 Words   |  9 Pageswho are not utterly degraded in not that bad a form of government and actually seems to praise it â€Å"that if the people are not utterly degraded, although individually they may be worse judges than those who have special knowledge as a body they are as good as better†. In Aristotle’s eyes the worst type of democracy is a Demagoguery, in which everyone’s voice is equal and the rule of the majority has a greater authority then the law. In this type of lawlessness where the masses gain more power than theRead MoreThe American Civil War : The Bloodiest And Most Gruesome War4070 Words   |  17 Pagesorder to prevent another American civil war this mean the economic system, whether the money is worked through slaves or everyone equally, must be compromised and the same throughout the nation. There is a saying that says: money is the root of all evil. So far, law enforcement everywhere agrees with that statement. It seems like there is nothing under that sun human beings won’t do for me, including killing and enslaving their fellow humans. Through research today and information uncovered fromRead MoreBargaining With The Devil7657 Words   |  31 Pages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pages 2 - 5 When trying to resolve a conflict, there are generally three challenges which affect your ability to make a good decision on whether to negotiate or not: 1 2 You have to analyze the cost and benefits of negotiating versus all other viable alternatives 3 The three challenges You have to avoid all the emotional traps which can lead to a knee-jerk reaction You have to address all the moral and ethicalRead MoreTheodor Geisel2528 Words   |  11 Pagessurpassed absurdity and became something beautiful. Before that, though, Theodor Geisel was nationally noted for his political cartoons during World War II that enticed the mind to do more than think, but to ask questions and crave knowledge and justice. Dr. Seuss was not just a whimsical alter-ego of Mr. Geisel by any means, however. Dr. Seuss allowed Geisel to communicate his message to a new audience, in a unique way. Before his death, he left the world with a simple plea- â€Å"We need to do better†Read MoreGlobalization: A Powerful Weapon of the United States3140 Words   |  13 Pagesas part of a group of heroic martyrs of a new Middle Eastern revolution.1 These young men and women, whose pictures and names became national icons, were from all over the Arab world. They were all after the same thing; an end to the suppressive evil that they have witnessed throughout most of th eir lives and to many their entire lives. A few weeks later, inspired and encouraged by the events in Tunisia and the successful ousting of the Tunisian president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, a similar

Protection of Online Media

Question: Write an essay on Protection of online media is an important aspect of online entertainment management, especially the use of DRM (Digital Rights Management). Answer: Means of communication have always been integral part of human life, and it would be difficult to imagine world without any communication channel. Starting with the verbal transmission, transcending through written, the new age media depends on the digital transmission for distribution of data and information worldwide. Digitization has simplified the task of creation and dissemination of media to a great extent. However, at the same time, it has also created problems of piracy, copying and unauthorized access to material jeopardizing the livelihood of millions of artists worldwide. Popularized by Gutenbergs press, copying in the digital age is a matter of seconds and has proven to be a great nuisance to content owners and creators wishing to keep their content exclusive. To tackle such issues of content and creators rights protection, WIPO provides guidelines through the framing of Technological Protection Measures (TPMs) and Rights Management Information (RMIs). These measures aim to stop the infringement of copyrights and give content owners complete control over their content. Apart from saving the livelihood of content owners directly, copyright protection measures also help e-businesses to maintain and increase their user base. The amount of trust in a website makes up the extent of customer loyalty towards it (Nissenbaum 2004). Introduction Different methods of communication have been used by humans since long time. They act as a medium of transferring, transacting and storing information. Whether it be songs, TV shows, radio transmissions, they all have helped society get informed and entertained for a long time. Earlier entertainment used to be in the form of bards, minstrels, plays, etc. forms which were limited in accessibility and reach. But, with the advent of technology, the method of delivering media to the mass audience has changed significantly. From its earlier stages of being a localized source of entertainment, media industry has long since grown into a full-fledged industry warranting professional analysis to determine what constitutes profits, what is and isnt legally viable, what is the latest technology available to cash out the maximum profit (ed. Alexander et al. 2003). Contemporary media education involves the study of issues involving freedom of speech, new communication technology and media contents effect on society, easy access to social media (ed. Alexander et al. 2003). As the worldwide access to the internet is increasing, more and more people are getting connected, processes are getting completed online, and use of social media as a tool of communication is constantly on the rise. The acceptability of these media products is the function of different media organizations acceptance and commercialization of them leading to their adoption and diffusion in the society (Albarran et al. 2006). An ever increasing number of media firms are trying to increase their global reach and trying to figure out how to utilize the full potential of new digital media environment (Doyle 2002; Herman McChesney 1997). In such a scenario, it becomes vital for both organizations and individuals to have access to controlled and secure content. For organizations, it is the protection for their revenue source while for individual users, access to electronically safe content means their privacy and independence is intact so that they can pursue their choices in a threat-free environment. Individual artists also require this security to ensure that the means of livelihood is accessible to him. One such example is a recent case in India where a movie was leaked online days before its release leaving the Bollywood in furore and the movies stakeholders got concerned about their prospective earnings. A typical computer being an assortment of hardware and software such as the motherboard, sound card, graphic card, etc., these things are in constant communication with each other, both internally and externally (Sims 2003). This to and fro of messages within and outside expose the whole system as well as the content stored therein to unrestricted access, necessitating the existence of systems to protect the data. Data Encryption plays an important role here. these systems allow the content creator and owner to distribute his content in a controlled manner to only authorized users and protect it from unauthorized ones. The problem mushrooms up in earnest once one security key assigned to an individual is made public so that now the program can be accessed by anyone eroding the chances of the content owner from profiting from a unique piece of work. Use of media devices such as portable digital music players, video recorders, etc. makes the distribution of such digital media content much easier, thus generating concerns about their protection. Their inherent complexity along with the daily introduced changes and upgrades in popular digital media such as video games make it quite difficult to protect them. This is where the concept of copyright comes into picture. According to WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization), a copyright gives a creator legal rights over their literary and artistic creation (WIPO n.d.). Books, movies, paintings, sculptures, computer programs, databases, technical drawings, maps, etc. all are protected by copyrights only. The process of copying, mechanized by Gutenbergs press brought in the concept of copyright since making copies now was not an arduous task requiring days worth of labor. Digitization took this ease of copying a step forward and made it instantaneous and viral thus rendering the existing copyrighting laws obsolete. Copyright infringement laws are commonplace nowadays and are seen in newspapers on a daily basis. Not only copying, digitization has also helped in a lot many other ways to make digital content be mass accessible. The age old, time consuming, laborious tasks of writing, recording, maintaining, proofing, copy editing, etc. have now been compacted into a simpler version where content needs be just created and can directly be released online (The Future 2011). Discussion Without safe access to online media and entertainment, media industry would definitely collapse. Not only the content creators will shun it due to the reduced earnings and unappreciated efforts, but also the users who in the wake of no privacy and numerous threats, would much rather prefer no access rather than maligned access. This report discusses the concept of threat of copyright infringements in the context of media and entertainment industry and concurs that online media protection and DRMs are an important part of online media management. As the universal access to the online content increases, the possibility of its misuse increases proportionally. Increasing banking transactions being done online, saving of passwords and keys in web based software, storing confidential information online, all generate high risks of an electronic attack. Though digital copying of authentic traditional works of art such as sculptures and fine arts remain a challenge, not many of the other online available media like music, videos, games, etc. are safe from digital reproduction and transmission. The hackers have always been able to come up with new and innovative ways to extract information not meant for their eyes or to siphon off money not earned by them. For e.g., Canadian hacker Michael Calces hacking of various media sites such as CNN, Yahoo, Amazon and eBay in 2000 is said to have cost these companies several millions of dollars worth of capital just because a 15 years old was able to break into their cyberspace (Staff 2014). Uni versal access to media content depends on how conveniently the information service providers can recover their investments while staying within the confines of contemporary laws. And now, beyond the neo-traditional methods of mass communication, social media has become the new center stage for all things media and marketing (Kaplan Haenlein 2010; Montalvo 2011). To protect online content from threats of unauthorized access, even patented software, techniques and methodologies exist. For e.g., J Robert Sims, III of Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P., in 1998 developed a method of protecting the transfer of content over unsecured channels. Storage and transmission of bulk media over the internet is facilitated using cryptographic keys, both public and private. For his invention, Sims was granted a patent in 1999 by US PTO (Sims 2003). WIPO is the international body responsible for maintaining and enforcing intellectual property rights, policy, information and services related to IP. Established in 1967, WIPO has been source of observation of IP practices worldwide by its signatory nations. Though not all countries subscribe to it, those who do are expected to maintain the highest standards of IPR. According to Riaan J. Rudman (2014), Web 2.0 has been one of the major changes that have occurred in this decades old behemoth we call internet or world wide web. Web 2.0 has been one of the reasons for promoting sharing and collaboration. Though making lives easier, this also increases the cybersecurity threat to the next level. According to him, the higher the trust shown by a user towards a website, the higher would be his loyalty towards that site. In the ever transient business of internet, having customer loyalty is one of the few things that stops companies especially e-businesses, from going to the brink of bankruptcy and ultimate oblivion of shutdown. We 2.0s existence is enriched by the number of users engaged with it at any given moment. The higher the number of users, the larger the content generated by them and better the user experience with Web 2.0. As Karlgaard (2005) said, Social media platforms such as Facebook and YouTube thrive on the number of active users they have. The more, the merrier. However, this merriment can easily be turned to misery by inappropriate use of these platforms. The leak of private photographs, videos not meant for the public eye creates a lot of nuisance for celebrities and VIPs each year worldwide. While such releases are a matter of great public attention, they inconvenience the victim a lot. Hence, cybersecurity has been a prime concern to the masters and controllers of the internet from the start. Digital rights management (DRM) programs aim to restrict the access to digital content protected by copyright as well as the hardware used to enforce these policies. The usual arguments given in favour and against any Intellectual Property right (IPR) law are applicable in the case of DRMs also. Stifling of innovation, curtailing of rights, the creation of monopolies are all alleged cons of DRM while continued revenue generation and control over work are some of the arguments in favor of DRM (Sensarkar 2007 Calvert 2013). Digital Rights Management, though used in professional jargon, are not mentioned in the formal literature of WIPO Copyright Treaty and WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT). These are the software meant to stop digital files from being copied without authorization. The formal treaties give DRM the names of Technological Protection Measures (TPMs) and Rights Management Information (RMIs) to address the concept of cybersecurity of copyrighted work (Ficsor 2010). TPMs are the technical measures such as encryption keys, etc. used by authors and other rights holders to restrict the piracy, copying, and transmission of their valuable work (IFPI 2003a). The basis for new licensing systems, RMIs the integrity and authenticity of the work, performance and phonogram in question. They act as powerful tools against copyright infringement (IFPI 2003b). However, even DRMs are not fool proof and oft times are susceptible to the hacking techniques of internet pirates, legitimate researchers and those believing in universal access to everything. Often common public is indifferent to the restrictions to access content which does not directly interfere with their functioning. However, the inconvenience caused is highly protested whenever these restrictions interfere with normal life of the same people. For e.g., in a study by Marc Fetscherin (2006), it was found that in the case of music and its piracy, a restriction to the playability of the content will be a source of disagreement amongst the users while a restriction to burn or copy such content would not be that big a deal. Conclusion At times, the most basic and the best sort of protection an artistic work of digital origin can have is self-policing. The honor based system through which media and many other such industries have thrived till now plays an equally important role here also. Though encrypted, a file once given access to a person cannot be expected not to be accessible to his friends and relatives also. After all, helping out each other is one of the cornerstones of our society. In such cases, the ethical standards followed by a person need to be above the friendship for him to consider digital media protection. Though the presence or absence of DRMs might be a thing of no concern to users at times, for authors and media content creators, the presence of such measures ensures that their rights are maintained and are available to them. Most of the human history has been passed down through the works of art of such artists, writers, and creators only. Had there been 50 Mona Lisas in the world, no one would have appreciated the marvel of Da Vincis work. Had there been exact replicas of Sistine Chapels roof, the works of Michelangelo would not be world famous today. Shakespeare would have died unknown and unappreciated had due credit not been given to him for his work. All these examples show that as important as free access to fine works of art is, it is equally important that these works are duly recognized and their copyrights are maintained. References Albarran, AB, Chan-Olmsted, SM Wirth, MO (eds.) 2006, Handbook of media management and economics, Routledge. Alexander, A, Owers, JE, Carveth, R, Hollifield, CA Greco, AN (eds.) 2003, Media economics: Theory and practice, Routledge. Calvert, P 2013, Digital Rights Management and Content Development, Online Information Review. Doyle, G 2002, Media ownership: The economics and politics of convergence and concentration in the UK and European media, Sage. Herman, ES McChesney, RW 1997, Global Media: The Missionaries of Global Capitalism, Cassel, London. Fetscherin, M 2006, Digital rights management: What the consumer wants, Journal of Digital Asset Management, vol. 2, no. 3-4, pp.143-149. Ficsor, M 2010, Digital Rights Management (DRM) and its co-existence with copyright exceptions, presentation during Sub-regional Seminar on the Protection of Computer Software and Databases IFPI 2003a, The WIPO Treaties: Technological Measures, viewed on 24 Jun. 2016, https://www.ifpi.org/content/library/wipo-treaties-technical-measures.pdf IFPI 2003b, The WIPO Treaties: Protection of Rights Management Information, viewed on 24 Jun. 2016, https://www.ifpi.org/content/library/wipo-treaties-rights-management-information.pdf Kaplan, AM Haenlein, M 2010, Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media, Business horizons, vol. 53, no. 1, pp.59-68. Karlgaard, R 2005, Ten laws of the modern world, Forbes, vol. 175, no. 10, pp. 33. Montalvo, RE 2011, Social media management, International Journal of Management Information Systems, vol. 15, no. 3, pp.91-96. Nissenbaum, H 2004, Will security enhance trust online, or supplant it?, in R Kramer K Cook (ed.), Trust and Distrust Within Organizations: Emerging Perspectives, Enduring Questions, Russell Sage Publication, pp.155-188. Rudman, RJ 2014, The Influence of Knowing Web 2.0 Risks and Controls on Web 2.0 Usage and Security Practices of Online Users, Journal of Applied Business Research, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 105. Sensarkar, N 2007, The potential impact of digital rights management on the Indian entertainment industry, Journal of International Trade Law and Policy, vol. 6, no. 1, pp.45-55. Sims, JR 2003, Media content protection utilizing public key cryptography, US 6550011 B1. Staff 2014, Biggest hacking scandals of all time, Global News, 17 April, viewed 24 June

Sample of Medical Law Essay

Sample of Medical Law EssaySample of Medical Law Essay is a student resource guide with sample of the way MLEs are written. The book contains sample medical law essays on the law topics such as pre-license interviews, research ethics, clinical investigation ethics, clinical investigations, ethics, law firms, patient consent and informed consent, waivers, and insurance coverage. Sample of Medical Law Essay is also equipped with a number of practice questions to test the students' analytical writing skills.The website of Sample of Medical Law Essay contains essays that are widely popular and used by medical students and clinical students. The same site also contains example samples of some of the law topics covered in the book. Many of the authors of the sample essays are some of the leading writers in the area of medical law.The Personal Injury Settlement Act, Tort Claims Act, Wrongful Death Act, and Professional Conduct Act are the main focus of the Sample of Medical Law Essay. All t hese act in favor of those who are injured in the course of doing their job. If you want to write your own legal statement about a particular topic, you will definitely find it useful with this book.All the authors of the Sample of Medical Law Essay are practicing lawyers who have been exposed to the latest trends in the field of medical law. The site is dedicated to teaching the students not only how to write essays in this field but also about the law in general. The authors of the book provide sample legal statements on a number of topics. Their guidance in helping students to write their own medical law essays will surely help them in their future career.Some of the topics covered in the Sample of Medical Law Essay include: Medical Malpractice, Personal Injury, Wrongful Death, Health Insurance Coverage, Workers Compensation, Product Liability, Acquisition of Property, Police Evidence, Rental Property, and Breach of Contract. There are also a number of practice questions included on the site to test the students' writing skills. Some of the examples include Personal Injury Claims and Contract Negotiation.The Sample of Medical Law Essay is an excellent source for writing a Medical Malpractice Essay, Contract Negotiation Essay, Wrongful Death Essay, Medical Malpractice Cases, Medical Compensation Claims, the Personal Injury Litigation Protection Act, or the Health Insurance Coverage Act. The same book can be easily used by clinical students. The site is a forum to gather information on various topics that are being dealt with in the course of a career in a medical profession.In the past, some students found difficulty in writing a medical malpractice case as they felt that there was no use in writing if they cannot actually have a case in front of a judge. The present day generation of students does not have such worries. Writing medical cases is easier than ever with the help of the sample essays that have been uploaded on the website.There are many online r esources for legal essay writing, but no one provides the support that a simple Sample of Medical Law Essay provides. There are also an enormous number of ready made essays available for students who want to write their own legal statement. The resources of Sample of Medical Law Essay are readily available for use at any time and at any place.

What to Know When Preparing For an Essay

What to Know When Preparing For an EssayThere are several reasons why many students do not have success in their academic studies. One of the most common reasons is that they give up on their assignments midway or do not properly understand what is expected of them. In such situations, they need to take a look at some very basic material in order to write a good explanatory essay. This is why it is important to know how to prepare for an assignment so that you can have some tips for your next one.When it comes to preparing for an assignment, you will want to make sure that you have a copy of your own student handbook so that you will have a better idea of what to expect. Often times, you will find that there are things that you do not know about in your field. When you have a list of things that you can research, you will be able to begin thinking about how to begin your preparation.This will be helpful because you will be able to familiarize yourself with the school, its history, an d how everything has changed. This is also important because you will have a better idea of the upcoming subjects that will be used for the next academic year. Knowing this information will help you think of what you can expect when writing your next set of essays.It is also helpful to think about what you want to write, how you want to write it, and what you want to convey. These are all important to have in order to make sure that you do not make mistakes and to keep from leaving out any important information. This information will be necessary for your next set of essays.You will want to make sure that you spend some time trying to learn as much as you can about the topic at hand so that you can understand more of the different ways that you can write. This will help you understand how to write about the subject matter and how you can talk about it effectively. With some time spent on your knowledge, you will find that you will be more confident in writing your own pieces.You may find that there are things that you do not know about a certain subject, but this is often the case with most subjects in college. This is why you should make sure that you take some time to learn about the subject and this will help you to make your essays more effective.Learning how to prepare for an assignment and utilizing some of the advice from informative essay samples will be beneficial to you in the future. Once you begin to understand how to effectively make use of these types of materials, you will find that you are able to create great essays that will attract the attention of those who read them.

Whispered Narrative Argument Essay Samples Secrets

Whispered Narrative Argument Essay Samples Secrets Narrative Argument Essay Samples Can Be Fun for Everyone Every paragraph must cover a single topic in making the circulation of the essay smooth. Bear in mind that the period of your essay is dependent upon the assignment offered to you. Most conclusions are just a paragraph in length as the conclusion is anticipated to be an overview of the whole essay. The structure of the sentence is based on the length you have decided on for it. Understanding how to compose a strong argumentative paper can help you advance your very own argumentative thinking. If you wish to learn what an argumentative essay is, the very first thing you ought to remember is that its principal objective is to convince the audience to accept your standpoint. Even though you may make a normal story sound spectacular using the appropriate words and the suitable technique, more than often the topic receives the credit for a valuable bit of work. As an issue o f fact, the content of your essay is dependent on what you're likely to write about. Up in Arms About Narrative Argument Essay Samples? Be mindful of the size it must be and get started writing the narrative essay outline. It's important to select debatable argumentative essay topics since you need opposing points that you are able to counter to your own points. The variety of paragraphs depends upon the amount of arguments you wish to go over. There are an endless number of words that may be defined in the period of an essay. Otherwise, you may want to take a peek at our customized essay writing service that's intended to help students achieve the grade the desire. With the assistance of such samples and templates, students may get a general idea about the job, understand its structure and get fresh ideas on this issue. Therefore, it's necessary to compose an attractive paper if you want a simple time in school. Unlike negotiating for the usage of your parents' car, a col lege paper isn't the location for an all-out blitz of every kind of argument. The New Fuss About Narrative Argument Essay Samples Finding the most suitable arguments will allow you to prove your point and win. Audience is a rather important consideration in argument. Becoming in a position to compose a strong argument can help you succeed in society. Morality has a collection of unsolved problems, the solution on which usually presents a decision. Another last component is having the capability to draw out the advantages and disadvantages of the opposition and disprove their argument. The Most Popular Narrative Argument Essay Samples Essay writing per se is no simple job to do. Morality Essay Topics Morality is a topic that's near and dear to plenty of individuals. Deciding on the topic for your essay might be the hardest part. A narrative essay is permissive in terms of picking the topic. Writing an excellent narrative essay is dependent mostly on this issue you chose. Writing an argumentative essay can at times be confusing as you don't necessarily understand how to compose a convincing argument. Writing a persuasive, argumentative essay can be challenging, and at times it can find a little confusing. On the brighter side, in fact, essay writing isn't too difficult after you become conscious of the fundamentals. The cost of an essay depends upon the total amount of effort the writer has to exert. If you wish to play the use of the narrator yourself, you must decide on the traits of the character which you may share as a narrator. Bear in mind an argumentative essay is based more on facts instead of emotion. The Narrative Argument Essay Samples Pitfall Narrative essays are grouped under nonfiction and is founded on experience. In that case, then you ought to try out writing narrative essays. Ex pository essays are typical at the college level, and they're primarily research papers. It is very important to be aware an argumentative essay and an expository essay could possibly be similar, but they vary greatly with respect to the sum of pre-writing and research involved. If you're new to writing argumentative essays, there are a couple of key factors which you can learn that could help you compose a much better argumentative essay. It is a good idea to look for the one which has a very good reputation and offers high-quality papers at very affordable rates. There's several essays completed by them. Your thesis statement has become the most important sentence in your essay. Nevertheless, you should check with your professor if you'd like to present your thesis somewhere else, including at the conclusion of your essay. A proposal essay is quite straightforward to comprehend. Once you comprehend the prompt, it's possible to now brainstorm and draft your college application essay. Drafting and planning together with researching should be done in order to have a simple writing. There are several things worth sharing. You may then practice replicating successful connections between ideas in your practice essays. In many professional contexts, respectful argumentation is the thing that leads to the growth of new suggestions and perspectives.